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Dreaming Is A Well-understood Phenomenon

Written By Thursday, November 3, 2022 Add Comment Edit

Upshot occurring in the mind while sleeping

A Dream of a Girl Before a Sunrise c. 1830–33 by Karl Bryullov (1799–1852)

A dream is a succession of images, ideas, emotions, and sensations that usually occur involuntarily in the listen during certain stages of sleep.[1] Humans spend nigh two hours dreaming per nighttime,[2] and each dream lasts effectually five to xx minutes, although the dreamer may perceive the dream as being much longer than this.[three]

The content and function of dreams have been topics of scientific, philosophical and religious interest throughout recorded history. Dream interpretation, skillful by the Babylonians in the third millennium BCE[4] and even earlier by the ancient Sumerians,[5] [half dozen] figures prominently in religious texts in several traditions, and has played a pb part in psychotherapy.[7] [8] The scientific study of dreams is called oneirology.[9] Most modern dream written report focuses on the neurophysiology of dreams and on proposing and testing hypotheses regarding dream function. It is not known where in the encephalon dreams originate, if in that location is a unmarried origin for dreams or if multiple regions of the brain are involved, or what the purpose of dreaming is for the body or mind.

The human dream experience and what to make of it has undergone sizable shifts over the course of history.[10] [11] Long agone, according to writings from Mesopotamia and Aboriginal Arab republic of egypt, dreams dictated post-dream behaviors to an extent sharply reduced in later millennia. These aboriginal writings virtually dreams highlight visitation dreams, where a dream figure, usually a deity or a prominent forebear, commands the dreamer to take specific actions and may predict future events.[12] [thirteen] [xiv] Framing the dream experience varies across cultures likewise equally through fourth dimension.

Dreaming and sleep are intertwined. Dreams occur mainly in the rapid-eye move (REM) stage of sleep—when brain activity is high and resembles that of being awake. Because REM sleep is detectable in many species, and because research suggests that all mammals experience REM,[xv] linking dreams to REM sleep has led to conjectures that animals dream. However, humans dream during non-REM sleep, also, and not all REM awakenings elicit dream reports.[sixteen] To be studied, a dream must first be reduced to a verbal report, which is an account of the subject's retentivity of the dream, non the subject's dream feel itself. Then, dreaming by not-humans is currently unprovable, as is dreaming by human fetuses and pre-verbal infants.[17]

Subjective experience

Preserved writings from early Mediterranean civilizations point a relatively sharp modify in subjective dream experience between Bronze Age antiquity and the beginnings of the classical era.[eighteen]

In visitation dreams reported in ancient writings, dreamers were largely passive in their dreams, and visual content served primarily to frame authoritative auditory messaging.[xix] [x] [xx] Gudea, the rex of the Sumerian city-state of Lagash (reigned c. 2144–2124 BCE), rebuilt the temple of Ningirsu as the result of a dream in which he was told to practice so.[6] Later antiquity, the passive hearing of visitation dreams largely gave mode to visualized narratives in which the dreamer becomes a graphic symbol who actively participates.

From the 1940s to 1985, Calvin S. Hall collected more than than l,000 dream reports at Western Reserve University. In 1966, Hall and Robert Van de Castle published The Content Analysis of Dreams, in which they outlined a coding organisation to report i,000 dream reports from college students.[21] Results indicated that participants from varying parts of the world demonstrated similarity in their dream content. The only residue of antiquity's administrative dream figure in the Hall and Van de Castle listing of dream characters is the inclusion of God in the category of prominent persons.[22] Hall'due south consummate dream reports were made publicly available in the mid-1990s past his protégé William Domhoff. More recent studies of dream reports, while providing more detail, continue to cite the Hall study favorably.[23]

A soldier dreams: the trenches of WWI. Jan Styka (1858–1925).

In the Hall study, the nearly common emotion experienced in dreams was anxiety. Other emotions included abandonment, anger, fear, joy, and happiness. Negative emotions were much more common than positive ones.[21] The Hall data analysis showed that sexual dreams occur no more than than 10% of the time and are more prevalent in young to mid-teens.[21] Another study showed that 8% of both men's and women's dreams have sexual content.[24] In some cases, sexual dreams may upshot in orgasms or nocturnal emissions. These are colloquially known as "wet dreams".[25]

The visual nature of dreams is more often than not highly phantasmagoric; that is, different locations and objects continuously blend into each other. The visuals (including locations, people, and objects) are more often than not cogitating of a person's memories and experiences, but conversation can take on highly exaggerated and bizarre forms. Some dreams may even tell elaborate stories wherein the dreamer enters entirely new, complex worlds and awakes with ideas, thoughts and feelings never experienced prior to the dream.

People who are bullheaded from nativity do not have visual dreams. Their dream contents are related to other senses similar hearing, touch, smell and taste, whichever are present since nativity.[26]

Neurophysiology

Dream written report is popular with scientists exploring the mind–brain problem. Some "suggest to reduce aspects of dream phenomenology to neurobiology."[27] But current science cannot specify dream physiology in detail. Protocols in virtually nations restrict human brain inquiry to non-invasive procedures. In the Usa, invasive brain procedures with a homo subject are allowed only when these are deemed necessary in surgical treatment to address medical needs of the same human field of study.[28] Non-invasive measures of brain activity like electroencephalogram (EEG) voltage averaging or cognitive blood flow cannot place small-scale just influential neuronal populations.[29] Likewise, fMRI signals are too slow to explicate how brains compute in real time.[xxx]

Scientists researching some brain functions can work around current restrictions by examining creature subjects. Every bit stated by the Guild for Neuroscience, "Considering no acceptable alternatives exist, much of this research must be done on animal subjects."[31] Nonetheless, since animal dreaming can exist merely inferred, non confirmed, creature studies yield no hard facts to illuminate the neurophysiology of dreams. Examining human subjects with brain lesions can provide clues, but the lesion method cannot discriminate between the furnishings of destruction and disconnection and cannot target specific neuronal groups in heterogeneous regions like the encephalon stem.[29]

Generation

Denied precision tools, obliged to depend on imaging, much dream research has succumbed to the police force of the musical instrument. Studies detect an increase of blood flow in a specific brain region and and then credit that region with a role in generating dreams. Simply pooling study results has led to the newer conclusion that dreaming involves large numbers of regions and pathways, which likely are different for different dream events.[32]

Paradigm creation in the brain involves meaning neural action downstream from heart intake, and it is theorized that "the visual imagery of dreams is produced by activation during sleep of the same structures that generate complex visual imagery in waking perception."[33]

Dreams nowadays a running narrative rather than exclusively visual imagery. Following their work with carve up-brain subjects, Gazzaniga and LeDoux postulated, without attempting to specify the neural mechanisms, a "left-brain interpreter" that seeks to create a plausible narrative from whatsoever electro-chemical signals reach the brain's left hemisphere. Sleep inquiry has determined that some brain regions fully active during waking are, during REM sleep, activated only in a partial or fragmentary way.[34] Drawing on this knowledge, textbook writer James Westward. Kalat explains, "[A] dream represents the brain's endeavour to make sense of thin and distorted information.... The cortex combines this haphazard input with whatsoever other action was already occurring and does its all-time to synthesize a story that makes sense of the information."[35] Neuroscientist Indre Viskontas is even more blunt, calling oftentimes baroque dream content "just the result of your interpreter trying to create a story out of random neural signaling."[36]

Theories on function

For humans in the pre-classical era, and continuing for some non-literate populations into modern times, dreams are believed to take functioned equally revealers of truths sourced during sleep from gods or other external entities.[37] [11] Ancient Egyptians believed that dreams were the best way to receive divine revelation, and thus they would induce (or "incubate") dreams. They went to sanctuaries and slept on special "dream beds" in hope of receiving advice, comfort, or healing from the gods.[14] From a Darwinian perspective dreams would accept to fulfill some kind of biological requirement, provide some do good for natural selection to take place, or at least have no negative bear on on fettle. Robert (1886),[38] a physician from Hamburg, was the first who suggested that dreams are a need and that they have the part to erase (a) sensory impressions that were not fully worked up, and (b) ideas that were not fully developed during the day. In dreams, incomplete material is either removed (suppressed) or deepened and included into retentivity. Freud, whose dream studies focused on interpreting dreams, not explaining how or why humans dream, disputed Robert's hypothesis[39] and proposed that dreams preserve sleep by representing as fulfilled those wishes that otherwise would awaken the dreamer.[40] Freud wrote that dreams "serve the purpose of prolonging sleep instead of waking upwards. Dreams are the GUARDIANS of sleep and not its disturbers."[41]

A turning point in theorizing about dream function came in 1953, when Science published the Aserinsky and Kleitman paper[42] establishing REM sleep equally a distinct phase of slumber and linking dreams to REM sleep.[43] Until and fifty-fifty after publication of the Solms 2000 paper that certified the separability of REM sleep and dream phenomena,[xvi] many studies purporting to uncover the function of dreams take in fact been studying not dreams but measurable REM sleep.

Theories of dream function since the identification of REM slumber include:

Hobson'due south and McCarley's 1977 activation-synthesis hypothesis, which proposed "a functional role for dreaming sleep in promoting some attribute of the learning procedure...."[44] In 2010 a Harvard study was published showing experimental evidence that dreams were correlated with improved learning.[45]

Crick's and Mitchison's 1983 "contrary learning" theory, which states that dreams are like the cleaning-upwardly operations of computers when they are offline, removing (suppressing) parasitic nodes and other "junk" from the listen during sleep.[46] [47]

Hartmann's 1995 proposal that dreams serve a "quasi-therapeutic" function, enabling the dreamer to process trauma in a safe place.[48]

Revonsuo's 2000 threat simulation hypothesis, whose premise is that during much of human evolution, physical and interpersonal threats were serious, giving reproductive advantage to those who survived them. Dreaming aided survival by replicating these threats and providing the dreamer with practice in dealing with them.[49]

Eagleman's and Vaughn's 2021 defensive activation theory, which says that, given the encephalon'south neuroplasticity, dreams evolved as a visual hallucinatory activeness during sleep's extended periods of darkness, busying the occipital lobe and thereby protecting it from possible appropriation by other, not-vision, sense operations.[50]

Religious and other cultural contexts

Dreams effigy prominently in major world religions. The dream experience for early on humans, co-ordinate to ane interpretation, gave rise to the notion of a human "soul,"[51] a central element in much religious thought. J. W. Dunne wrote:

Just there can be no reasonable doubt that the idea of a soul must have first arisen in the mind of archaic human as a result of observation of his dreams. Ignorant as he was, he could have come to no other determination but that, in dreams, he left his sleeping body in one universe and went wandering off into another. It is considered that, only for that savage, the thought of such a thing as a 'soul' would never have even occurred to mankind....[52]

Hindu

In the Mandukya Upanishad, part of the Veda scriptures of Indian Hinduism, a dream is one of three states that the soul experiences during its lifetime, the other two states being the waking state and the sleep state.[53] The earliest Upanishads, written before 300 BCE, emphasize 2 meanings of dreams. The offset says that dreams are merely expressions of inner desires. The second is the belief of the soul leaving the body and existence guided until awakened.

Abrahamic

In Judaism, dreams are considered function of the experience of the world that can be interpreted and from which lessons can be garnered. It is discussed in the Talmud, Tractate Berachot 55–lx.

The ancient Hebrews continued their dreams heavily with their faith, though the Hebrews were monotheistic and believed that dreams were the voice of one God alone. Hebrews also differentiated betwixt proficient dreams (from God) and bad dreams (from evil spirits). The Hebrews, like many other aboriginal cultures, incubated dreams in lodge to receive a divine revelation. For instance, the Hebrew prophet Samuel would "prevarication down and slumber in the temple at Shiloh before the Ark and receive the give-and-take of the Lord". Most of the dreams in the Bible are in the Book of Genesis.[54]

Christians mostly shared the beliefs of the Hebrews and thought that dreams were of a supernatural grapheme because the Quondam Testament includes frequent stories of dreams with divine inspiration. The most famous of these dream stories was Jacob'south dream of a ladder that stretches from Earth to Heaven. Many Christians preach that God can speak to people through their dreams. The famous glossary, the Somniale Danielis, written in the name of Daniel, attempted to teach Christian populations to interpret their dreams.

Iain R. Edgar has researched the office of dreams in Islam.[55] He has argued that dreams play an important function in the history of Islam and the lives of Muslims, since dream interpretation is the only way that Muslims can receive revelations from God since the death of the last prophet, Muhammad.[56] According to Edgar, Islam classifies three types of dreams. Firstly, there is the true dream (al-ru'ya), so the false dream, which may come from the devil (shaytan), and finally, the meaningless everyday dream (hulm). This last dream could be brought forth by the dreamer'due south ego or base ambition based on what they experienced in the real world. The true dream is oftentimes indicated by Islam'south hadith tradition.[56] In one narration past Aisha, the wife of the Prophet, it is said that the Prophet'due south dreams would come up truthful like the ocean'south waves.[56] Only as in its predecessors, the Quran also recounts the story of Joseph and his unique ability to interpret dreams.[56]

Buddhist

In Buddhism, ideas about dreams are like to the classical and folk traditions in South asia. The same dream is sometimes experienced by multiple people, as in the example of the Buddhahoped-for, before he is leaving his home. Information technology is described in the Mahāvastu that several of the Buddha'due south relatives had premonitory dreams preceding this. Some dreams are also seen to transcend time: the Buddhahoped-for has certain dreams that are the same equally those of previous Buddhas, the Lalitavistara states. In Buddhist literature, dreams ofttimes part equally a "signpost" motif to mark certain stages in the life of the principal character.[57]

Buddhist views nearly dreams are expressed in the Pāli Commentaries and the Milinda Pañhā.[57]

Other

In Chinese history, people wrote of two vital aspects of the soul of which 1 is freed from the trunk during slumber to journey in a dream realm, while the other remained in the torso.[58] This belief and dream estimation had been questioned since early times, such equally past the philosopher Wang Chong (27–97CE).[58]

The Babylonians and Assyrians divided dreams into "good," which were sent past the gods, and "bad," sent past demons.[59] A surviving collection of dream omens entitled Iškar Zaqīqu records various dream scenarios as well as prognostications of what will happen to the person who experiences each dream, plain based on previous cases.[6] [threescore] Some list different possible outcomes, based on occasions in which people experienced similar dreams with dissimilar results.[6] The Greeks shared their beliefs with the Egyptians on how to interpret practiced and bad dreams, and the idea of incubating dreams. Morpheus, the Greek god of dreams, also sent warnings and prophecies to those who slept at shrines and temples. The primeval Greek beliefs nigh dreams were that their gods physically visited the dreamers, where they entered through a keyhole, exiting the same way after the divine message was given.

Retort wrote the kickoff known Greek book on dreams in the 5th century BCE. In that century, other cultures influenced Greeks to develop the belief that souls left the sleeping body.[61] Hippocrates (469–399BCE) had a simple dream theory: during the mean solar day, the soul receives images; during the night, information technology produces images. Greek philosopher Aristotle (384–322 BCE) believed dreams caused physiological activeness. He thought dreams could clarify affliction and predict diseases. Marcus Tullius Cicero, for his office, believed that all dreams are produced by thoughts and conversations a dreamer had during the preceding days.[62] Cicero's Somnium Scipionis described a lengthy dream vision, which in turn was commented on by Macrobius in his Commentarii in Somnium Scipionis.

Herodotus in his The Histories, writes "The visions that occur to the states in dreams are, more than often than not, the things we accept been concerned about during the day."[63]

The Dreaming is a common term within the animist cosmos narrative of indigenous Australians for a personal, or group, creation and for what may be understood every bit the "timeless time" of formative cosmos and perpetual creating.[64]

Some Indigenous American tribes and Mexican populations believe that dreams are a way of visiting and having contact with their ancestors.[65] Some Native American tribes have used vision quests every bit a rite of passage, fasting and praying until an predictable guiding dream was received, to be shared with the rest of the tribe upon their return.[66] [67]

Interpretation

Beginning in the late 19th century, Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud, founder of psychoanalysis, theorized that dreams reflect the dreamer's unconscious mind and specifically that dream content is shaped by unconscious wish fulfillment. He argued that of import unconscious desires oft relate to early on childhood memories and experiences.[seven] Carl Jung and others expanded on Freud's idea that dream content reflects the dreamer's unconscious desires.

Dream estimation tin be a upshot of subjective ideas and experiences. One written report constitute that most people believe that "their dreams reveal meaningful hidden truths".[68] The researchers surveyed students in the The states, South korea, and Bharat, and found that 74% of Indians, 65% of South Koreans and 56% of Americans believed their dream content provided them with meaningful insight into their unconscious beliefs and desires. This Freudian view of dreaming was believed significantly more than theories of dreaming that attribute dream content to memory consolidation, trouble-solving, or every bit a byproduct of unrelated encephalon activeness. The aforementioned study found that people attribute more importance to dream content than to similar thought content that occurs while they are awake. Americans were more than likely to report that they would miss their flight if they dreamt of their plane crashing than if they thought of their plane crashing the night before flying (while awake), and that they would be as likely to miss their flight if they dreamt of their airplane crashing the night earlier their flying as if there was an actual plane crash on the route they intended to take. Participants in the study were more probable to perceive dreams to be meaningful when the content of dreams was in accordance with their beliefs and desires while awake. They were more than likely to view a positive dream near a friend to be meaningful than a positive dream about someone they disliked, for case, and were more probable to view a negative dream about a person they disliked as meaningful than a negative dream about a person they liked.

Co-ordinate to surveys, information technology is common for people to feel their dreams are predicting subsequent life events.[69] Psychologists have explained these experiences in terms of retention biases, namely a selective memory for accurate predictions and distorted retention so that dreams are retrospectively fitted onto life experiences.[69] The multi-faceted nature of dreams makes it easy to notice connections betwixt dream content and existent events.[70] The term "veridical dream" has been used to point dreams that reveal or contain truths not yet known to the dreamer, whether time to come events or secrets.[71]

In one experiment, subjects were asked to write down their dreams in a diary. This prevented the selective memory effect, and the dreams no longer seemed accurate about the future.[72] Another experiment gave subjects a faux diary of a student with apparently precognitive dreams. This diary described events from the person'due south life, as well as some predictive dreams and some non-predictive dreams. When subjects were asked to recall the dreams they had read, they remembered more than of the successful predictions than unsuccessful ones.[73]

Images and literature

Graphic artists, writers and filmmakers all have found dreams to offer a rich vein for creative expression. In the West, artists' depictions of dreams in Renaissance and Bizarre art ofttimes were related to Biblical narrative. Particularly preferred by visual artists were the Jacob'south Ladder dream in Genesis and St. Joseph'due south dreams in the Gospel according to Matthew.

  • Nicolas Dipre. Le songe de Jacob. c.1500 Avignon, Petit Palais.

    Nicolas Dipre. Le songe de Jacob. c.1500 Avignon, Petit Palais.

  • José de Ribera (1591–1652). El sueño de Jacob, from Prado in Google Earth

    José de Ribera (1591–1652). El sueño de Jacob, from Prado in Google Earth

  • Raphael. Jacob's Dream (1518)

    Raphael. Jacob'due south Dream (1518)

  • Rembrandt. Dream of Joseph (1645)

    Rembrandt. Dream of Joseph (1645)

  • Anton Raphael Mengs. Traum des Hl. Joseph (1773 or 1774)

    Anton Raphael Mengs. Traum des Hl. Joseph (1773 or 1774)

Many after graphic artists have depicted dreams, including Japanese woodblock artist Hokusai (1760–1849) and Western European painters Rousseau (1844–1910), Picasso (1881–1973), and Dali (1904–1989).

In literature, dream frames were oftentimes used in medieval allegory to justify the narrative; The Volume of the Duchess [74] and The Vision Concerning Piers Plowman [75] are two such dream visions. Even before them, in antiquity, the same device had been used by Cicero and Lucian of Samosata.

The cheshire cat, John Tenniel (1820–1914), illustration in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, 1866 edition.

Dreams have likewise featured in fantasy and speculative fiction since the 19th century. One of the best-known dream worlds is Wonderland from Lewis Carroll'due south Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, equally well as Looking-Drinking glass Land from its sequel, Through the Looking-Glass. Unlike many dream worlds, Carroll'south logic is similar that of actual dreams, with transitions and flexible causality.

Other fictional dream worlds include the Dreamlands of H. P. Lovecraft's Dream Cycle [76] and The Neverending Story 'south[77] world of Fantastica, which includes places like the Desert of Lost Dreams, the Body of water of Possibilities and the Swamps of Sadness. Dreamworlds, shared hallucinations and other alternating realities feature in a number of works by Philip 1000. Dick, such as The 3 Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch and Ubik. Like themes were explored by Jorge Luis Borges, for example in The Circular Ruins.

Modern popular civilisation often conceives of dreams, as did Freud, as expressions of the dreamer'south deepest fears and desires.[78] In speculative fiction, the line between dreams and reality may exist blurred even more in service to the story.[79] Dreams may exist psychically invaded or manipulated (Dreamscape, 1984; the Nightmare on Elm Street films, 1984–2010; Inception, 2010) or even come up literally true (equally in The Lathe of Heaven, 1971).[78]

Lucidity

Lucid dreaming is the witting perception of i's state while dreaming. In this state the dreamer may often take some degree of command over their own actions within the dream or fifty-fifty the characters and the environment of the dream. Dream control has been reported to improve with expert deliberate lucid dreaming, just the ability to command aspects of the dream is not necessary for a dream to authorize every bit "lucid"—a lucid dream is any dream during which the dreamer knows they are dreaming.[80] The occurrence of lucid dreaming has been scientifically verified.[81]

"Oneironaut" is a term sometimes used for those who lucidly dream.

In 1975, psychologist Keith Hearne successfully recorded a communication from a dreamer experiencing a lucid dream. On April 12, 1975, afterward agreeing to move his eyes left and right upon becoming lucid, the subject and Hearne's co-author on the resulting article, Alan Worsley, successfully carried out this chore.[82] Years later, psychophysiologist Stephen LaBerge conducted similar work including:

  • Using heart signals to map the subjective sense of time in dreams.
  • Comparison the electrical action of the brain while singing awake and while dreaming.
  • Studies comparing in-dream sexual activity, arousal, and orgasm.[83]

Communication between two dreamers has likewise been documented. The processes involved included EEG monitoring, ocular signaling, incorporation of reality in the form of red low-cal stimuli and a coordinating website. The website tracked when both dreamers were dreaming and sent the stimulus to one of the dreamers where it was incorporated into the dream. This dreamer, upon becoming lucid, signaled with center movements; this was detected past the website whereupon the stimulus was sent to the second dreamer, invoking incorporation into that dreamer'south dream.[84]

Recollection

The recollection of dreams is extremely unreliable, though it is a skill that can be trained. Dreams can usually be recalled if a person is awakened while dreaming.[85] Women tend to have more frequent dream recall than men.[85] Dreams that are difficult to recall may be characterized by relatively piddling affect, and factors such every bit salience, arousal, and interference play a role in dream think. Often, a dream may be recalled upon viewing or hearing a random trigger or stimulus. The salience hypothesis proposes that dream content that is salient, that is, novel, intense, or unusual, is more easily remembered. There is considerable testify that vivid, intense, or unusual dream content is more than frequently recalled.[86] A dream journal tin be used to assist dream recall, for personal interest or psychotherapy purposes.

Adults report remembering around two dreams per calendar week, on average.[87] [88] Unless a dream is specially brilliant and if one wakes during or immediately after information technology, the content of the dream is typically non remembered.[89] Recording or reconstructing dreams may one mean solar day assist with dream recall. Using the permitted not-invasive technologies, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electromyography (EMG), researchers have been able to identify basic dream imagery,[90] dream voice communication action[91] and dream motor beliefs (such equally walking and mitt movements).[92] [93]

In line with the salience hypothesis, there is considerable evidence that people who have more than vivid, intense or unusual dreams prove better recollect. In that location is testify that continuity of consciousness is related to retrieve. Specifically, people who have vivid and unusual experiences during the day tend to have more memorable dream content and hence ameliorate dream call back. People who score high on measures of personality traits associated with creativity, imagination, and fantasy, such as openness to feel, daydreaming, fantasy proneness, absorption, and hypnotic susceptibility, tend to show more frequent dream recall.[86] At that place is also testify for continuity between the bizarre aspects of dreaming and waking feel. That is, people who report more than bizarre experiences during the day, such as people loftier in schizotypy (psychosis proneness), have more frequent dream retrieve and besides written report more frequent nightmares.[86]

Miscellany

Illusion of reality

Some philosophers have proposed that what we call up of as the "existent world" could be or is an illusion (an idea known as the skeptical hypothesis virtually ontology). The first recorded mention of the idea was in the quaternary century BCE by Zhuangzi, and in Eastern philosophy, the problem has been named the "Zhuangzi Paradox."

He who dreams of drinking wine may weep when morning time comes; he who dreams of weeping may in the morning become off to hunt. While he is dreaming he does not know it is a dream, and in his dream he may even endeavour to interpret a dream. Only afterwards he wakes does he know it was a dream. And someday there will be a great enkindling when nosotros know that this is all a slap-up dream. Yet the stupid believe they are awake, busily and brightly assuming they understand things, calling this man ruler, that one herdsman—how dense! Confucius and you are both dreaming! And when I say you are dreaming, I am dreaming, likewise. Words similar these will be labeled the Supreme Swindle. Yet, after x thousand generations, a great sage may appear who will know their significant, and information technology will yet be as though he appeared with amazing speed.[94]

The idea as well is discussed in Hindu and Buddhist writings.[95] It was formally introduced to Western philosophy by Descartes in the 17th century in his Meditations on First Philosophy.

Absent-minded transgression

Dreams of absent-minded transgression (DAMT) are dreams wherein the dreamer absent-mindedly performs an activeness that he or she has been trying to stop (one classic case is of a quitting smoker having dreams of lighting a cigarette). Subjects who take had DAMT have reported waking with intense feelings of guilt. I study found a positive association between having these dreams and successfully stopping the behavior.[96]

Daydreams

A daydream is a visionary fantasy, especially one of happy, pleasant thoughts, hopes or ambitions, imagined every bit coming to pass, and experienced while awake.[97] There are many unlike types of daydreams, and there is no consequent definition amidst psychologists.[97] The general public besides uses the term for a wide variety of experiences. Research past Harvard psychologist Deirdre Barrett has found that people who experience vivid dreamlike mental images reserve the word for these, whereas many other people refer to milder imagery, realistic future planning, review of memories or just "spacing out"—i.e. one'south mind going relatively blank—when they talk nigh "daydreaming".[98] [99]

While daydreaming has long been derided as a lazy, non-productive pastime, it is now unremarkably acknowledged that daydreaming tin be constructive in some contexts.[100] There are numerous examples of people in artistic or creative careers, such every bit composers, novelists and filmmakers, developing new ideas through daydreaming. Similarly, research scientists, mathematicians and physicists have adult new ideas by heedless about their subject areas.

Hallucination

A hallucination, in the broadest sense of the discussion, is a perception in the absenteeism of a stimulus. In a stricter sense, hallucinations are perceptions in a conscious and awake state, in the absenteeism of external stimuli, and have qualities of real perception, in that they are vivid, substantial, and located in external objective space. The latter definition distinguishes hallucinations from the related phenomena of dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness.

Nightmare

Woman having a nightmare. Jean-Pierre Simon (1764–1810 or 1813).

A nightmare is an unpleasant dream that can cause a strong negative emotional response from the mind, typically fear or horror, but also despair, anxiety and great sadness. The dream may contain situations of danger, discomfort, psychological or concrete terror. Sufferers usually awaken in a state of distress and may exist unable to render to sleep for a prolonged menstruation of time.[101]

Night terror

A night terror, also known every bit a sleep terror or pavor nocturnus, is a parasomnia disorder that predominantly affects children, causing feelings of terror or dread. Night terrors should non exist confused with nightmares, which are bad dreams that cause the feeling of horror or fear.[102]

Déjà vu

One theory of déjà vu attributes the feeling of having previously seen or experienced something to having dreamed about a similar situation or place, and forgetting well-nigh it until one seems to be mysteriously reminded of the state of affairs or the identify while awake.[103]

See too

  • Cognitive neuroscience of dreams
  • Daydream
  • Déjà vu
  • Dream statement
  • Dream art
  • Dream diary
  • Dream dictionary
  • Dream incubation
  • Dream estimation
  • Dream of Macsen Wledig
  • Dream pop
  • Dream sequence
  • Dream spoken communication
  • Dream earth (plot device)
  • Dream Yoga
  • Dreamcatcher
  • Dreamwork
  • False awakening
  • Hallucination
  • Hatsuyume
  • Incubus
  • Lilith, a Sumerian dream demoness
  • Listing of dream diaries
  • Listing of dreams
  • Lucid dream
  • Mare (sociology)
  • Morpheus
  • Mabinogion
  • Neuroscience of sleep
  • Night terror
  • Nightmare
  • Oneirology
  • Oneiromancy
  • Precognition
  • Psychoanalysis
  • Rapid eye move sleep
  • Sleep in non-human animals
  • Sleep paralysis
  • Spirit spouse
  • Succubus

References

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  2. ^ "Brain Basics: Understanding Slumber". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. 2006. Archived from the original on eleven October 2007. Retrieved 16 December 2007.
  3. ^ Lee Ann Obringer (2006). How Dream Works. Archived from the original on 18 Apr 2006. Retrieved four May 2006.
  4. ^ Krippner, Stanley; Bogzaran, Fariba; Carvalho, Andre Percia de (2002). Extraordinary Dreams and How To Piece of work with Them. Albany, NY: State Academy of New York Press. p. nine. ISBN0-7914-5257-three. Clay tablets have been found, dating to most 2500 B.C.East., that incorporate interpretive material for Babylonian and Assyrian dreamers.
  5. ^ Seligman, K (1948). Magic, Supernaturalism and Religion. New York: Random House.
  6. ^ a b c d Black, Jeremy; Green, Anthony (1992). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Aboriginal Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. Austin: University of Texas Press. pp. 71–72, 89–ninety. ISBN0714117056.
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Further reading

  • Dreaming (journal)
  • Jung, Carl (1934). The Practice of Psychotherapy. "The Practical Utilize of Dream-analysis" . New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 139–. ISBN978-0-7100-1645-4.
  • Jung, Carl (2002). Dreams (Routledge Classics). New York: Routledge. ISBN978-0-415-26740-3.
  • Harris, William Five. (2009) Dreams and Еxperience in Classical Artifact. Cambridge, MA & London: Harvard Academy Printing.

External links

Wikimedia Eatables has media related to Dreams.

Wikiquote has quotations related to Dream .

  • Dreams on In Our Fourth dimension at the BBC
  • LSDBase – an online sleep research database documenting the physiological effects of dreams through biofeedback.
  • Archive for Inquiry in Archetypal Symbolism website
  • The International Association for the Study of Dreams
  • Dream at Curlie
  • Dixit, Jay (November 2007). "Dreams: Night School". Psychology Today . Retrieved December ane, 2018.
  • alt.dreams A long-running USENET forum wherein readers post and analyze dreams.

Dreaming Is A Well-understood Phenomenon,

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